Table of Contents
IOR Foot Model 2007
This tutorial describes the 2007 publication. For the updated 2014 IOR foot model see here.
Sample Data
Sample data can be downloaded here.
Once the zip file has been downloaded, you can find a static C3D and three dynamic trials in the SampleFiles folder. These files will be used to complete the tutorial.
The model, planar angles and joint angles for the right side were defined and plotted in the Leardini_2007_Angles.cmo. Once the left side angles have been defined, the report template will graph both the left and right angles.
Introduction
Visual3D is a general tool capable of implementing many different foot models.
This tutorial describes the IOR Foot analysis as it was published in the ORIGINAL paper (shown below):
Leardini, A., M.G. Benedetti, L. Berti, D. Bettinelli, R. Nativo, and S. Giannini. “Rear-foot, Mid-foot and Fore-foot Motion during the Stance Phase of Gait.” Gait & Posture 25 (2007): 453-55
Modifications were made to the original IOR Foot analysis (published in the paper below). The modified tutorial can be found here.
Portinaro, N., A. Leardini, A. Panou, V. Monzani, and P. Caravaggi. “Modifying the Rizzoli foot model to improve the diagnosis of pes-planus: application to kinematics of feet in teenagers.” Journal of Foot and Ankle Research (2014) Below is a tutorial demonstrating how to implement the ORIGINAL analysis in Visual3D. If you would rather see a fully completed model you can simply download the following file [blank] and open it in Visual3D.
Multi-Segment Foot Marker Set
CA[1](FCC) [2]:p. 160 = Posterior Surface of Calcaneus ST[1](FST)[2] = Sustentaculum Tali of Calcaneus PT[1](FPT)[2] = Lateral apex of the peroneal tubercle TN[1](FNT)[2] = Medial apex of the tuberosity navicular FMH[1](FM1)[2] = Head of 1st Metatarsus SMH[1](FM2)[2] = Head of 2nd Metatarsus VMH[1](FM5)[2] = Head of 5th Metatarsus VMB[1](FMT)[2] = Tuberosity of 5th Metatarsal PM[1](PM6)[2] = Proximal Medial Phalanx FMB[1] = Base of First Metatarsal SMB[1] = Base of Second Metatarsal
Metatarsus (Met)
Landmarks
| 1. Create RMET_DIST:
Click Landmarks button
Click Add New Landmark button
Create Landmark: RMET_DIST |
Landmark Name: RMET_DIST
Define Orientation Using: |
Do NOT Check: Offset by Percent (1.0 = 100%)
Check: Calibration Only Landmark |  |
|
Segment Definition
| 1. Create RMet Segment:
In the Segments tab, select RMet in the Segment Name box.
Select Kinematic Only
Click on the Create Segment button.
In the RMet tab, enter these values: |
Define Proximal Joint and Radius
Define Distal Joint and Radius
Extra Target to Define Orientation
Select Tracking Targets: |
Click on Build Model.
Click on Close Tab before proceeding. |  |
|
| 2. Modify the Segment Coordinate System:
Define the Segment Orientation as: |
A/P Axis: +Y |  |
||
The image to the right (and all other images in this tutorial) show a mediolateral view of the segment coordinate system after it has been modified.
Mid-foot (Mid)
Landmarks
| 1. Create RID Joint Center:
Click Landmarks button
Click Add New Landmark button
Create Landmark: RID |
Landmark Name: RID
Define Orientation Using: |
Offset Using the Following AXIAL Offset: 0.5
Check: Offset by Percent (1.0 = 100%)
Check: Calibration Only Landmark |  |
|
Segment Definition
| 1. Create RMid Segment:
In the Segments tab, select RMid in the Segment Name box.
Select Kinematic Only.
Click on the Create Segment button.
In the RMid tab, enter these values: |
Define Proximal Joint and Radius
Define Distal Joint and Radius
Extra Target to Define Orientation
Select Tracking Targets: |
Click on Build Model.
Click on Close Tab before proceeding. |  |
|
| 2. Modify the Segment Coordinate System:
Define the Segment Orientation as: |
A/P Axis: +Y |  |
||
Calcaneus (Cal)
Landmarks
| 1. Create RIC Joint Center:
Click Landmarks button
Click Add New Landmark button
Create Landmark: RIC |
Landmark Name: RIC
Define Orientation Using: |
Offset Using the Following AXIAL Offset: 0.5
Check: Offset by Percent (1.0 = 100%)
Check: Calibration Only Landmark |  |
|
Segment Definition
| 1. Create RCal Segment:
In the Segments tab, select RCal in the Segment Name box.
Click on the Create Segment button.
In the RCal tab, enter these values: |
Define Proximal Joint and Radius
Define Distal Joint and Radius
Extra Target to Define Orientation
Select Tracking Targets: |
Click on Build Model.
Click on Close Tab before proceeding. |  |
|
| 2. Modify the Segment Coordinate System:
Define the Segment Orientation as: |
A/P Axis: +Y |  |
||
Foot (Foo)
Landmarks
| 1. Create RFT_DIST:
Click Landmarks button
Click Add New Landmark button
Create Landmark: RFT_DIST |
Landmark Name: RFT_DIST
Define Orientation Using: |
Do NOT Check: Offset by Percent (1.0 = 100%)
Check: Calibration Only Landmark |  |
|
Segment Definition
| 1. Create Right Foot Segment:
In the Segments tab, select Right Foot in the Segment Name box.
Click on the Create Segment button.
In the Right Foot tab, enter these values: |
Define Proximal Joint and Radius
Define Distal Joint and Radius
Extra Target to Define Orientation
Select Tracking Targets: |
Click on Build Model.
Click on Close Tab before proceeding. |  |
|
| 2. Modify the Segment Coordinate System:
Define the Segment Orientation as: |
A/P Axis: +Y |  |
||
Shank (Sha)
Landmarks
| 1. Create RIM:
Click Landmarks button
Click Add New Landmark button
Create Landmark: RIM |
Landmark Name: RIM
Define Orientation Using: |
Offset Using the Following AXIAL Offset: 0.5
Check: Offset by Percent (1.0 = 100%)
Check: Calibration Only Landmark |  |
|
| 2. Create RSK_PROX:
Click Landmarks button
Click Add New Landmark button
Create Landmark: RSK_PROX |
Landmark Name: RSK_PROX
Define Orientation Using: |
Do NOT Check: Offset by Percent (1.0 = 100%)
Check: Calibration Only Landmark |  |
|
Segment Definition
| 1. Create Right Shank Segment:
In the Segments tab, select Right Shank in the Segment Name box.
Click on the Create Segment button.
In the Right Shank tab, enter these values: |
Define Proximal Joint and Radius
Define Distal Joint and Radius
Extra Target to Define Orientation
Select Tracking Targets: |
Click on Build Model.
Click on Close Tab before proceeding. |  |
|
| 2. Modify the Segment Coordinate System:
Define the Segment Orientation as: |
A/P Axis: +X |  |
||
Angles
Landmarks
The F2Pt and F2Ps planar angles are calculated as the angle between the lines created by the targets FMB-FMH and FMH-PM. To calculate this angle using the Compute Planar Angle command, an offset along the line between FMB and FMH is created to define the 3 point angle.
| 1. Create RF2P_Offset:
Click Landmarks button
Click Add New Landmark button
Create Landmark: RF2P_Offset |
Landmark Name: RF2P_Offset
Define Orientation Using: |
Offset Using the Following AXIAL Offset: 1.5
Check: Offset by Percent (1.0 = 100%)
Do NOT Check: Calibration Only Landmark |  |
|
| 2. Create LF2P_Offset:
When defining the left signal, use same definitions as for the RF2P_Offset landmark | ||||
The F2G, S2G and V2G angles are calculated in the plane orthogonal to the ground. These landmarks will need to be projected onto the ground. To project landmarks onto the ground, the Lab_O, Lab_X and Lab_Y landmarks will need to be created to identify the plane of the ground.
| 3. Create Lab_O:
Click Landmarks button
Click Add New Landmark button
Create Landmark: Lab_O |
Landmark Name: Lab_O |
Offset Using the Following ML/AP/AXIAL Offsets:
Do NOT Check: Offset by Percent (1.0 = 100%) (Meters when not checked)
Do NOT Check: Calibration Only Landmark (Not generated for assigned motion file(s)) |  |
|
| 4. Create Lab_X:
Click Landmarks button
Click Add New Landmark button
Create Landmark: Lab_X |
Landmark Name: Lab_X |
Offset Using the Following ML/AP/AXIAL Offsets:
Do NOT Check: Offset by Percent (1.0 = 100%) (Meters when not checked)
Do NOT Check: Calibration Only Landmark (Not generated for assigned motion file(s)) |  |
|
| 5. Create Lab_Y:
Click Landmarks button
Click Add New Landmark button
Create Landmark: Lab_Y |
Landmark Name: Lab_Y |
Offset Using the Following ML/AP/AXIAL Offsets:
Do NOT Check: Offset by Percent (1.0 = 100%) (Meters when not checked)
Do NOT Check: Calibration Only Landmark (Not generated for assigned motion file(s)) |  |
|
| 6. Create RFMH_proj:
Click Landmarks button
Click Add New Landmark button
Create Landmark: RFMH_proj |
Landmark Name: RFMH_proj
Define Orientation Using: |
Do NOT Check: Offset by Percent (1.0 = 100%)
Do NOT Check: Calibration Only Landmark |  |
|
Create landmarks 7-17 by following the same format as the RFMH_proj landmark for:
7. RFMB 8. RSMH 9. RSMB 10. RVMH 11. RVMB | 12. LFMH 13. LFMB 14. LSMH 15. LSMB 16. LVMH 17. LVMB |
Planar Angles
F2Pt
F2Pt - the angle between the lines FMH-PM and FMB-FMH projected onto the transverse plane of the metatarsus
Represents - valgus of the first metatarsophalangeal joint
| 1. Create RF2Pt planar angle:
Define Resulting Signal Name: RF2Pt
Calculate a 3 point angle between the following targets: |
1 - LANDMARK::ORIGINAL::RF2P_offset
Note: The reference segment will need to be changed to RMet within the text option. |  |
||
| 2. Create LF2Pt planar angle:
When defining the left signal, use same definitions except set: |
Angle Direction: Right Hand Rule
Note: The reference segment will need to be changed to LMet within the text option. |
S2F
S2F - the angle between the lines FMB-FMH and SMB-SMH projected onto the transverse plane of the metatarsus
| 1. Create RS2F planar angle:
Define Resulting Signal Name: RS2F
Calculate a 4 point angle between the following targets: |
1 - TARGET::ORIGINAL::RSMH
Note: The reference segment will need to be changed to RMet within the text option. |  |
||
| 2. Create LS2F planar angle:
When defining the left signal, use same definitions except set: |
Angle Direction: Left Hand Rule
Note: The reference segment will need to be changed to LMet within the text option. |
S2V
S2V - the angle between the lines VMB-VMH and SMB-SMH projected onto the transverse plane of the metatarsus
| 1. Create RS2V planar angle:
Define Resulting Signal Name: RS2V
Calculate a 4 point angle between the following targets: |
1 - TARGET::ORIGINAL::RSMH
Note: The reference segment will need to be changed to RMet within the text option. |  |
||
| 2. Create LS2V planar angle:
When defining the left signal, use same definitions except set: |
Angle Direction: Left Hand Rule
Note: The reference segment will need to be changed to LMet within the text option. |
F2G
F2G - the angle between the lines FMB-FMH and the ground, plane orthogonal to the ground (3D angle relative to the ground)
The FMH_proj and FMB_proj landmarks will be used to calculate the F2G planar angle which are described in the landmarks section.
| 1. Create RF2G planar angle:
Define Resulting Signal Name: RF2G
Calculate a 4 point angle between the following targets: |
1 - TARGET::ORIGINAL::RFMB |  |
||
| 2. Create LF2G planar angle:
When defining the left signal, use same definitions as for the right angle |
|
S2G
S2G - the angle between the lines SMB-SMH and the ground, plane orthogonal to the ground (3D angle relative to the ground)
The SMH_proj and SMB_proj landmarks will be used to calculate the S2G planar angle which are described in the landmarks section.
| 1. Create RS2G planar angle:
Define Resulting Signal Name: RS2G
Calculate a 4 point angle between the following targets: |
1 - TARGET::ORIGINAL::RSMB |  |
||
| 2. Create LS2G planar angle:
When defining the left signal, use same definitions as for the right angle |
|
V2G
V2G - the angle between the lines VMB-VMH and the ground, plane orthogonal to the ground (3D angle relative to the ground)
The VMH_proj and VMB_proj landmarks will be used to calculate the V2G planar angle which are described in the landmarks section.
| 1. Create RV2G planar angle:
Define Resulting Signal Name: RV2G
Calculate a 4 point angle between the following targets: |
1 - TARGET::ORIGINAL::RVMB |  |
||
| 2. Create LV2G planar angle:
When defining the left signal, use same definitions as for the right angle |
|
F2Ps
F2Ps - the angle between the lines FMH-PM and FMB-FMH projected onto the sagittal plane of the metatarsus
Represents - dorsiflexion of the first metatarso-phalangeal joint
| 1. Create RF2Ps planar angle:
Define Resulting Signal Name: RF2Ps
Calculate a 3 point angle between the following targets: |
1 - LANDMARK::ORIGINAL::RF2P_offset
Note: The reference segment will need to be changed to RMet within the text option. |  |
||
| 2. Create LF2Ps planar angle:
When defining the left signal, use same definitions as for the right angle |
Note: The reference segment will need to be changed to LMet within the text option. |
MLA
MLA - the angle between the lines CA-ST and ST-FMH projected onto the sagittal plane of the foot
Represents - navicular drop
| 1. Create RMLA planar angle:
Define Resulting Signal Name: RMLA
Calculate a 3 point angle between the following targets: |
1 - TARGET::ORIGINAL::RCA
Note: The reference segment will need to be changed to RMet within the text option. |  |
||
| 2. Create LMLA planar angle:
When defining the left signal, use same definitions as for the right angle |
Note: The reference segment will need to be changed to LMet within the text option. |
Joint Angles
Sha_Foo_Angle
| 1. Define the RSha_Foo_Angle:
Open the Compute Model Based dialog
Select JOINT_ANGLE from drop down list |
Data Name: RSha_Foo_Angle
Segment: Right Foot |
Use Negative: |  |
|
Sha_Cal_Angle
| 1. Define the RSha_Cal_Angle:
Open the Compute Model Based dialog
Select JOINT_ANGLE from drop down list |
Data Name: RSha_Cal_Angle
Segment: RCal |
Use Negative: |  |
|
Cal_Mid_Angle
| 1. Define the RCal_Mid_Angle:
Open the Compute Model Based dialog
Select JOINT_ANGLE from drop down list |
Data Name: RCal_Mid_Angle
Segment: RMid |
Use Negative: |  |
|
Mid_Met_Angle
| 1. Define the RMid_Met_Angle:
Open the Compute Model Based dialog
Select JOINT_ANGLE from drop down list |
Data Name: RMid_Met_Angle
Segment: RMet |
Use Negative: |  |
|
Cal_Met_Angle
| 1. Define the RCal_Met_Angle:
Open the Compute Model Based dialog
Select JOINT_ANGLE from drop down list |
Data Name: RCal_Met_Angle
Segment: RMet |
Use Negative: |  |
|